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| c. 3800 BC |
| | | Copper is extracted from ore by smelting at various sites in Iran | |
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| c. 580 BC |
| | | The Iranian prophet Zoroaster teaches that there is one god, Ahura Mazda | |
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| 550 BC |
| | | Cyrus, king of the Persians, takes Ecbatana, capital city of the Medes, and establishes the first Persian empire | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | Polo originates in the Persian empire, probably as part of the training of the imperial cavalry | |
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| c. 545 BC |
| | | Cyrus annexes the Greek territory of Ionia as part of his empire, giving Persia a presence on the Aegean | |
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| 539 BC |
| | | A Persian army captures Babylon and brings it into the empire of Cyrus the Great | |
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| 530 BC |
| | | Cyrus the Great is buried in an austerely impressive tomb at Pasagardae, in Persia | |
|  | Pasagardae, Tomb of Cyrus
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| 522 BC |
| | | Darius I wins the Persian throne and ushers in the heyday of the Achaemenid empire | |
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| 518 BC |
| | | Darius starts to build a spectacular new palace and capital at Persepolis | |
|  | Persepolis, relief of guards
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | A Persian rug, woven with a knotted pile, is placed in the tomb of a Scythian chieftain and survives to this day | |
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